COMPUTER‐AIDED ULTRASONOGRAPHY (HISTOSCANNING): A NOVEL TECHNOLOGY FOR LOCATING AND CHARACTERIZING PROSTATE CANCER

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that exposure of a renal epithelial cell line, NRK52E, to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (COM) would up‐regulate NADPH oxidase subunit p47^phox, enhance superoxide production and increase monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and osteopontin mRNA levels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Confluent cultures of NRK52E cells were exposed to COM (66.7 µg/cm²) with or with no pretreatment with diphenileneiodium chloride (DPI, 10 × 10^?6m ) an inhibitor for NADPH oxidase, under serum‐free conditions. The conditioned medium was collected and total cellular RNA isolated from the cells, and subjected to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining using a fluorescence microscope. Immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR were used to analyse p47^phox in NRK52E cells.

RESULTS

In COM treated NRK52E cells there was enhanced expression of p47^phox and production of superoxide. COM‐induced production of MCP‐1 and osteopontin was significantly reduced after treatment with DPI.

CONCLUSIONS

While the generation of a lot of ROS might play a major role in tissue injury or death, the regulated generation of low concentration of ROS, possibly by NADPH oxidase, may represent a second messenger system for generation of COM‐induced MCP‐1 and osteopontin production in the renal tubules.     

Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation,development and potential of hydrogen medicine

Molecular hydrogen (H₂) has been accepted to be an inert and nonfunctional molecule in our body. We have turned this concept by demonstrating that H₂ reacts with strong oxidants such as hydroxyl radical in cells, and proposed its potential for preventive and therapeutic applications. H₂ has a number of advantages exhibiting extensive effects: H₂ rapidly diffuses into tissues and cells, and it is mild enough neither to disturb metabolic redox reactions nor to affect signaling reactive oxygen species; therefore, there should be no or little adverse effects of H₂. There are several methods to ingest or consume H₂; inhaling H₂ gas, drinking H₂-dissolved water (H₂-water), injecting H₂-dissolved saline (H₂-saline), taking an H₂ bath, or dropping H₂-saline into the eyes. The numerous publications on its biological and medical benefits revealed that H₂ reduces oxidative stress not only by direct reactions with strong oxidants, but also indirectly by regulating various gene expressions. Moreover, by regulating the gene expressions, H₂ functions as an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic, and stimulates energy metabolism. In addition to growing evidence obtained by model animal experiments, extensive clinical examinations were performed or are under investigation. Since most drugs specifically act to their targets, H₂ seems to differ from conventional pharmaceutical drugs. Owing to its great efficacy and lack of adverse effects, H₂ has promising potential for clinical use against many diseases.     

枸橼酸他莫昔芬口服液的人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度

目的研究枸橼酸他莫昔芬口服液在健康人体内的药物代谢动力学及相对生物利用度。方法以18名健康志愿者为试验对象,采用随机交叉试验方法,分别单剂量口服枸橼酸他莫昔芬口服液2支(含枸橼酸他莫昔芬40 mg)或枸橼酸他莫昔芬片4片(含枸橼酸他莫昔芬40 mg),采用HPLC法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果两种制剂的达峰时间分别为(3.17±0.38)h和(3.94±0.24)h,达峰时血中药物质量浓度分别为(2.1075±0.9685)mg.L-1和(1.8412±0.7723)mg.L-1,两种制剂的消除相半衰期分别为(13.62±1.72)h和(14.09±1.73)h,药时曲线下面积AUC(0→48)分别为(13.4765±2.2966)mg.h.L-1和(14.0920±2.2161)mg.h.L-1,AUC(0→∞)分别为(15.6189±2.5148)mg.h.L-1和(16.1378±2.1349)mg.h.L-1。结论受试制剂与参比制剂两种制剂生物等效。     

阿奇霉素颗粒剂和片剂的人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性评价

目的研究阿奇霉素颗粒剂和片剂在健康人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法采用三周期三交叉试验设计,利用建立的液相色谱-串联质谱法测定24名健康男性受试者口服含阿奇霉素0.5 g的阿奇霉素颗粒(受试制剂Ⅰ)、阿奇霉素片A(受试制剂Ⅱ)及阿奇霉素片B(参比制剂)后不同时刻血浆中阿奇霉素的质量浓度,同时绘制血药质量浓度-时间曲线并计算主要药物动力学参数。结果阿奇霉素颗粒、阿奇霉素片A、B血浆中阿奇霉素的tmax分别为(1.9±0.6)、(1.9±0.7)、(1.8±0.6)h,ρmax分别为(441.0±129.5)、(421.7±142.8)、(426.2±128.1)μg.L-1,t1/2分别为(48.0±10.7)、(44.8±8.0)、(45.6±9.8)h,AUC0-t分别为(4 564.6±1 312.0)、(4 743.1±1 616.1)、(4 654.6±1 489.4)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(5 224.6±1 529.7)、(5 373.4±1 854.7)、(5 278.7±1 675.9)μg.h.L-1。以AUC0-t计算,阿奇霉素颗粒剂及片剂的相对生物利用度分别为(99.7±14.0)%和(101.8±13.8)%。结论双单侧检验结果证明,阿奇霉素颗粒及阿奇霉素片A与阿奇霉素片B具有生物等效性。     

盐酸伐昔洛韦片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的研究盐酸伐昔洛韦片在健康人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法采用双周期交叉试验设计,利用建立的高效液相色谱法测定了20名健康男性受试者口服盐酸伐昔洛韦片后不同时间血浆中伐昔洛韦的活性代谢物阿昔洛韦的浓度,同时绘制血浆药物浓度-时间曲线并计算出主要药动学参数。结果20名受试者分别口服含盐酸伐昔洛韦片300 mg的受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中伐昔洛韦的活性代谢物阿昔洛韦的tm ax分别为(0.90±0.35)和(0.98±0.36)h,mρax分别为(2.55±0.64)和(2.49±0.61)mg.L-1,t1/2分别为(2.00±0.33)和(1.94±0.22)h;用梯形法计算,AUC0-14分别为(5.80±0.89)和(6.05±1.04)mg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6.16±0.95)和(6.35±0.98)mg.h.L-1;以AUC0-14计算,盐酸伐昔洛韦片的相对生物利用度平均为(96.9±12.4)%。结论盐酸伐昔洛韦片2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

肝脾康颗粒成型工艺研究

目的确定肝脾康颗粒的最佳制粒处方组成。方法以颗粒吸湿百分率、成型率和溶化率为指标,筛选颗粒的最佳辅料与配比。结果处方最佳组成为3份浸膏粉与3份辅料（蔗糖∶糊精=2∶1的混合辅料）;所制颗粒的吸湿率小、成型率高、溶化率高。结论试验结果可为肝脾康颗粒制剂处方组成的确定提供依据。     

Mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor on the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty

To evaluate the mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty, the recombinant adenovirus vector containing hVEGF₁₆₅ cDNA was constructed and transfected into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. The conditioned medium containing VEGF was collected 72 h after the infection. Then, the VSMC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were divided into control group, H₂O₂-treated group and H₂O₂+ VEGF-treated group to observe the proliferation and apoptosis by water soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) method, in situ nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry (FCM). Compared with the control and H₂O₂+ VEGF-treated groups, the absorbance (A) value of HUVEC was decreased, and apoptosis of HUVEC was significantly increased in H₂O₂-treated group. The changes of A value and apoptosis of VSMC were contrary to those of HUVEC. H₂O₂ could stimulate the proliferation of VSMC and induce the apoptosis of HUVEC, inhibit the proliferation of HUVEC and the apoptosis of VSMC and induce restenosis. VEGF could inhibit the effect of H₂O₂ on HUVEC and VSMC and prevent restenosis. These results offered further theoretical evidence for VEGF on the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty.     

高血流肺动脉高压大鼠钙敏感受体、硫化氢及活性氧的研究

目的：探讨肺动脉钙敏感受体（CaSR）、血浆硫化氢（H2S）、肺动脉内皮细胞中活性氧（ROS）水平在肺动脉高压发生发展中的作用。方法18只SD雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组和实验组,每组9只。实验组行左肺叶切除术,对照组行假手术,术后均喂养35 d。比较两组大鼠肺动脉压力（ mPAP ）、右心室肥厚指数、血浆H2 S、肺动脉内皮细胞ROS水平和肺动脉CaSR mRNA的表达水平。结果实验组大鼠mPAP、肺动脉内皮细胞ROS水平及右心室肥厚指数、肺动脉CaSR mRNA表达均明显高于对照组（ P＜0．05）,血浆H2 S含量明显低于对照组（ P＜0．05）。结论肺高血流肺动脉高压大鼠肺动脉CaSR mRNA表达的改变和内皮细胞ROS对细胞的损伤可能通过改变内源性H2 S的产生而共同参与肺动脉高压的形成。     

Photoprotective effect of the N-terminal 5-mer peptide analog P165 of amyloid precursor protein in human dermal fibroblasts

Background We showed in our previous study that the N-terminal 17-mer peptide of amyloid precursor protein （APP17-mer peptide）,an active peptide segment with trophic and antioxidative effects,protects skin fibroblasts against ultraviolet （UV） damage and downregulates matrix metalloproteinase 1 （MMP-1） expression.The aim of the current study was to explore the protective effects of P165,the N-terminal 5-mer peptide analog of amyloid precursor protein that is resistant to enzymolysis,on UVA-induced damage in human dermal fibroblasts （HDFs）.Methods HDFs were cultured in Dulbecco＆#39;s modified Eagle＆#39;s medium without and with P165 （concentrations were 1,10,and 100 μJmol/L）.Then,15 J/cm2 UVA irradiation was used to obtain the UV-irradiated model.Cell proliferation was analyzed using MTT kit.The collagen type Ⅰ and MMP-1 contents in cell lysate were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）.Fluorometric assays were performed to detect the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） in the cells.Results P165 significantly protected the HDFs against UVA-induced cytotoxicity.Compared with the UVA-irradiated control,1,10,and 100 μmol/L P165 elevated cell proliferation by 14.98% （P〈0.05）,17.52% （P〈0.01） and 28.34% （P〈0.001）,respectively.Simultaneously,10 and 100 μmol/L P165 increased collagen type Ⅰ content （both P〈0.05）.Moreover,P165 treatment （all concentrations） also markedly suppressed the UVA-induced MMP-1 expression （all P〈0.001）.P165 at 1,10,and 100 μmol/L also reduced UVA-induced ROS generation by 11.27%,13.69% （both P〈0.05）,and 25.48% （P〈0.001）,respectively.Conclusions P165 could protect the HDFs against UVA-induced photodamage,including cytotoxicity,and MMP-1 generation.Furthermore,it also increased the collagen type Ⅰ content in the cells.The inhibitory effect on intracellular ROS generation might be involved in these photoprotective effects.Thus,P165 may be a useful candidate in the prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.